36^th Conference on Preventive Oncology and Diagnostic Cancer November 15-16, 2023 Edinburgh, Scotland

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•             Workshops for Graduates, Doctorates, and Postdoctoral Researchers Fellows in Post-Doctoral Research                   on Career Guidance

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•             Scientists and business leaders are expected to attend the meeting.

Target Audience:

• Academicians
• Oncologists
• Pathologists
• Cancer & Oncology Societies Professionals
• Bio-Medical Company professionals
• Corporate Cancer Research Professional
• Research Scholars
• Pharmacists
• Business Entrepreneurs
• Software Developing Companies
• Medical Devices Companies
• Biotechnology Companies

1.      Tumors Heterogeneity: When a primary tumour and any metastases it produces, as well as tumours of the same histopathological subtype, there are subpopulations of cells with unique genotypes and phenotypes that may harbour diverse biological behaviours. This is known as tumour heterogeneity (intra- and inter-tumour, respectively). Deep sequencing techniques have made it possible to better understand the scope and prevalence of intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Although intra-tumor heterogeneity has characteristics that are part of standard pathologic evaluation, clinical decision-making does not yet include its determination. In order to improve patient care and clinical outcomes, this mini-review aims to summarise the data supporting the amount, causes, and implications of intra-tumor heterogeneity. It also makes recommendations for how this knowledge may be applied in future clinical practise and research.

2.      Radiation Oncology: All areas of research that have an impact on the use of radiation to treat cancer are included in the field of radiation oncology. It publishes research in clinical oncology, radiation physics, radiation technology, and molecular and cellular radiation biology. The incorporation of radiation therapy into multimodal treatment modalities is a topic covered by the area of radiation oncology. The discipline of radiation oncology offers an open access platform for scientists and doctors who work with cancer patients to discuss the most recent findings and advancements. Radiation oncology's significance will be bolstered by improvements in treatment technology and our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving resistance.

3.      Oncology Nursing: Oncology nurses work in a range of venues, such as acute care hospitals, ambulatory care clinics, private oncologists' offices, radiation treatment facilities, home healthcare organisations, and community agencies. They work in tandem with a variety of oncologic specialties, such as surgical oncology, radiation oncology, gynecologic oncology, paediatric oncology, and medical oncology. The majority of ONS members work in generalist practises and provide direct patient care; they are employed by hospitals or systems of hospitals in 43% of cases, outpatient clinics in 24% of cases, physician offices in 11% of cases, and hospice or home care in 3% of cases. 11 As more patients receive care outside of a hospital setting, positions in the outpatient and home care settings have grown

4.      Cancer Pathophysiology:  A complicated pathophysiology underlies cancer. Physicians that specialise in the study of illness in all its manifestations are known as pathologists. This covers the disease's aetiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis (the process by which a disease develops), mechanism, and natural history. They also address biochemical characteristics, illness development, and prognosis or outcome. After the emergence of technologies like immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular biologic approaches to cancer diagnosis, the pathology of malignancies and other complicated disorders underwent a radical transformation.

5.      Plants Against Cancer: Several plants, such as Asparagus racemosa in human epidermoid cancer and Anacardium occidental in hepatoma, have demonstrated anticarcinogenic capabilities. Boswellia serrata in human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma, Gynandropis pentaphylla in hepatoma, Erthyrina suberosa in sarcoma, Euphorbia hirta in Freund viral leukaemia, Lewis lung cancer and nigella sativa, Human nasopharyngeal epidermoid carcinoma treated with Peaderia foetida, hepatic cancer treated with Picrorrhiza kurroa, and different malignancies treated with Withania  somnifera.

6.      Anticancer Drug: Any medication that is successful in treating malignant or cancerous disease is referred to as an anticancer drug, often known as an antineoplastic drug. Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones are a few of the main groups of anticancer medications. Additionally, a variety of medications that do not belong to such classes yet have anticancer action are utilised to treat malignant diseases. Although it is more true to say that chemotherapy refers to the use of chemical substances to treat disease in general, the term chemotherapy is usually used synonymously with the use of anticancer medications.

7.      Robotic Surgery for Cancer Treatment: Due to enhanced visualisation, robotic procedures in cancer surgery allow for a drastic procedure to be carried out while yet protecting nerves and other crucial components. This is crucial for prostate, gynecologic, and rectal cancer operations. Every attempt is made, for instance, to spare the nerves during robotic prostate cancer surgery. It is much simpler to preserve the nerves and veins because they are all magnified, which helps to maintain potency.

8.      Epigenetics in Cancer: Mammals' normal development and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression patterns depend heavily on epigenetic processes. Alterations in gene activity and cancerous cellular transformation can result from epigenetic process disruption. One distinguishing feature of cancer is broad changes in the epigenetic environment. It is now understood that epigenetic aberrations, in addition to genetic changes, have a role in the onset and course of cancer, which was once thought to be a hereditary illness. Recent developments in the quickly developing field of cancer epigenetics have demonstrated substantial reprogramming of every element of the epigenetic machinery in cancer, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNA production.

9.      Gastrointestinal Cancer: Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and its auxiliary organs of digestion, such as the oesophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, are together referred to as gastrointestinal cancer. In terms of the damaged organ, the symptoms may include blockage (which makes it difficult to swallow or urinate), abnormal bleeding, or other related issues. Endoscopy is frequently necessary for the diagnosis, then questionable tissue must be biopsyed. The course of treatment is determined by the tumor's location, the cancer cell's kind, and whether or not it has spread to other tissues. The prognosis is also influenced by these variables.

10.  Neuro-Oncology: The study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are extremely serious and life-threatening (at least eventually), is known as neuro-oncology (astrocytoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ependymoma, pontine glioma, and brain stem tumours are among the many examples of these). Gliomas of the brainstem and pons, glioblastoma multiforme, and high-grade (very anaplastic) astrocytoma/oligodendroglioma are among the worst types of malignant brain cancer. [1] Depending on the patient's state, immune function, the treatments utilised, and the exact form of malignant brain tumour, survival in these situations with current radiation and chemotherapy treatments may increase from roughly a year to a year and a half, potentially two or more.

11.  Cancer Therapy: The purpose of cancer treatment is to eliminate your cancer and provide you a normal life expectancy. Depending on your particular circumstances, this might or might not be doable. If a cure is not achievable, your treatments may be used to reduce the size of the cancer or slow its growth in order to prolong your period of symptom-free living.

12.  Skin Cancer: Skin exposed to the sun is where skin cancer, or the abnormal proliferation of skin cells, most frequently occurs. However, this prevalent type of cancer can also develop on parts of your skin that are not often exposed to sunlight. By reducing or eliminating your exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, you can lower your risk of developing skin cancer. The early signs of skin cancer might be found by checking for abnormal changes in your skin. The best chance for successful skin cancer treatment is early identification of skin cancer.

13.  Brain Tumor: A lump or growth of abnormal cells in your brain is known as a brain tumour. There are numerous varieties of brain tumours. Both benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous) brain tumours can occur (malignant). Primary brain tumours are those that start in the brain; secondary (metastatic) brain tumours are those that start in other regions of the body and spread to the brain.

14.  Screening Tests:  To identify those with a higher risk of developing a health issue, screening tests are employed. This enables them to receive treatment early, which may be more successful, or to make health-related decisions with knowledge. The accuracy of screening testing varies. When a person does not have the condition, they may be told that they or their unborn child has a higher likelihood of developing it.

15.  Cancer Bioinformatics: Biological, statistical, and computer sciences are all involved in the interdisciplinary field of bioinformatics. Cancer researchers can use bioinformatics to manage, analyse, mine, and comprehend the valuable, high-throughput data that has already been accumulated, as well as to incorporate it into their ongoing research projects. The area of translational bioinformatics has recently advanced due to technological developments in the study of DNA, RNA, proteins, cells, and tissues, providing vast amounts of data that reflect the complexity of biological systems.

16.  Metastatic Cancer: Metastatic cancer is a form of cancer that travels from the site of origin to another area of the body. It is also known as stage IV (4) cancer for a number of different cancer forms. Metastasis is the term used to describe the spread of cancer cells to different body regions. Metastatic cancer cells differ from the cells in the location where the metastatic cancer is detected when examined under a microscope and analysed in other ways. Instead, they exhibit characteristics similar to the main cancer. A malignancy that has spread from another section of the body can be identified in this way by medical professionals.

17.  Surgical oncology: A branch of medicine known as surgical oncology focuses on the surgical treatment of cancer. Its major objective is to locate and eliminate any hazardous malignancies from your body. Additionally, surgical oncologists can determine whether you have cancer and whether it has spread to other organs.

18.  Cancer Biomarkers: Testing for biomarkers is a means to find genes, proteins, and other components (also known as tumour markers or biomarkers) that can reveal information about cancer. A distinct pattern of biomarkers characterises each person's cancer. Some biomarkers influence the efficacy of specific cancer therapies. You and your doctor may choose a cancer treatment together with the aid of biomarker testing. Other varieties of biomarkers are also available to aid medical professionals in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cancer.

19.  Cancer Nanotechnology: Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the only available cancer treatments at the moment. All three techniques run the danger of causing harm to healthy tissues or of completely eliminating the malignancy. Nanotechnology provides the means to selectively and directly target chemotherapies to malignant cells and neoplasms, facilitate surgical tumour excision, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiation-based and other modern treatment modalities. All of these may result in a lower risk for the patient and a higher chance of survival.

20.  Tumor Virology: DNA tumour viruses change their host cells to cause cancers in both animals and people. These oncogenic viruses produce viral proteins that prevent cell death while deregulating the integrated framework of host cellular processes. When persistent in the infected cells, viruses with the ability to morph can turn a healthy cell into a cancer cell. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) are examples of DNA viruses. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus are examples of RNA viruses (HTLV-1).

21.  Cell Biology of Cancer: Understanding the basic underpinnings of the distinctions between healthy cells and malignant cells is the goal of research in cancer cell biology. Included in this are investigations into the fundamental mechanisms that control pre-cancerous conditions, oncogenic transition, and tumour growth and behaviour. DNA damage must be repaired using DNA repair genes. It is common for cells with mutations in these genes to also have mutations in other genes and chromosomal abnormalities including duplications and deletions of chromosomal segments. These alterations might work together to turn the cells malignant.

22.  Lung Cancer: One type of cancer that starts in the lungs is lung cancer. Your lungs are two pliable organs located in your chest that allow you to breathe in oxygen and exhaust carbon dioxide. The largest cause of cancer-related fatalities worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer can affect persons who have never smoked, but smokers are at a higher risk than nonsmokers. The quantity and frequency of cigarettes you've smoked are related to your chance of developing lung cancer. Even after years of smoking, you can greatly lower your risk of developing lung cancer by quitting.

23.  Immuno Oncology: The field of immuno-oncology has recently made remarkable advancements in the study of illness treatment. To be able to block the growth of cancer cells, this sort of treatment makes use of or improves the patient's own unique immune system. The body's common barrier system is known as the insusceptible framework. You are protected from contaminations, tumours, and other diseases by a collection of organs, cells, and special atoms. When a different (remote) living form enters the body, such a microscopic creature, the immune system recognises it and then attacks it to stop it from causing harm.

·         Tumor immunology

·         Immune suppression

·         Antitumour

·         Tumour-associated antigens

·         Tumour microenvironment

·         Enhancing Adaptive Anti-Tumor Responses

·         Prediction and Prognosis in Immunotherapy

·         Preclinical and clinical development

·         Cell and gene therapy

·         Immunology

·         Biomarker discovery

·         Antibody and protein engineering

·         Immuno-resistive drugs

·         Immuno surveillance

24.  Cancer Vaccines: A cancer vaccination is an antibody that either treats a tumour that has already developed or stops it from spreading. Reconstructive cancer vaccinations are antibodies that target existing tumours. Immunizations against cancer support the immune system's natural ability to detect and eliminate items that are far away and potentially harmful to the body. A strong, functioning immune system can recognise antigens and attack them, typically eliminating them. An anti-cancer antibody takes use of the immune system's response to antigens. Tumor cells frequently feature specific particles on their surface that are absent from solid cells.

25.  Gerson Therapy: Supporters of the Gerson therapy promote it as a strategy for treating cancer patients that relies on dietary adjustments and nutritional intake. The major components of the Gerson therapy are an organic vegetarian diet, nutritional and biological supplements, pancreatic enzymes, and coffee or other types of enemas. The program aims to "detoxify" the body while boosting the immune system and increasing potassium levels in cells.

Clinical oncologists and nurses are expected to be in short supply by 2020, and this suggests that efforts to prevent cancer will need to be specifically targeted toward enhancing health outcomes while lowering healthcare costs. The need to demonstrate value in health care, including cancer care, is growing, and this is coupled with a projected shortage of these professionals. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was passed in March 2010 and places an emphasis on prevention by doing away with co-payments and deductibles for preventive services, has increased the need to prove the value of cancer prevention more than ever. The rate of advancement in cancer treatment is accelerating. A number of revolutionary drugs are emerging from the pipeline of innovative work, frequently combining with other new or current pharmaceuticals. Many are for cancer types with poor prognoses and few treatment options for patients. Oncologists, payers, and governments all aspire to provide patients with competent care while ensuring the sustainability of social insurance frameworks, but the scenario is changing swiftly, adding more complexity. According to earlier research, higher levels of spending on medications for brain cancer are a result of extended treatment durations and increased pharmacological efficacy.

Oncologists are aware that men are more likely than women to develop cancer; one in two men will do so in their lifetimes compared to one in three women. Theoretically, men were previously thought to be more likely than women to come into contact with carcinogens due to factors including cigarette smoking and manufacturing labour. Even when women started smoking and more of them entered the employment, the ratio of males to women with cancer remained virtually stable throughout time. More people die from lung and bronchial cancer in the US than from any other kind of cancer. This is true for both men and women. Despite an improvement in survival rates over time due to better treatments, the prognosis is remains dismal.